Глоссарий международных перевозок и таможни Турции

EXW (Ex Works) is an international commercial trade term under Incoterms 2020 where the seller makes goods available at their factory or warehouse. The buyer assumes all transportation costs, risks, vehicle loading, Turkish export customs clearance, international carriage, cargo transit insurance, and destination import clearance.

FOB (Free On Board) is a maritime Incoterm where the seller delivers goods on board the buyer's nominated vessel at the specified port of shipment (e.g., Ambarlı or Mersin) and clears export customs. The buyer assumes all costs and risks from the moment goods are loaded on board.

CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) is a maritime Incoterm where the seller arranges and pays for ocean freight to the destination port and procures minimum marine insurance (Institute Cargo Clauses C). Crucially, risk transfers to the buyer as soon as the cargo is loaded on board the vessel in Turkey.

DAP (Delivered At Place) is an Incoterms 2020 rule where the seller delivers goods to the buyer's designated address ready for unloading from the arriving conveyance. The seller pays all transport and Turkish export clearance, while the buyer pays import customs clearance, duties, and local VAT.

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) is an Incoterms 2020 rule where the seller assumes maximum responsibility, bearing all freight costs, risks, export clearance, international transport, and destination import customs clearance, including the payment of all import duties, taxes, and destination VAT.

FCA (Free Carrier) is an Incoterms 2020 multimodal rule where the seller delivers export-cleared goods to the buyer's nominated carrier either at the seller's premises (loaded on vehicle) or at an agreed terminal/cross-dock (ready for unloading). Risk transfers upon handover to the carrier.

CPT (Carriage Paid To) is a multimodal Incoterm where the seller pays for international transportation to the named destination place, but risk of loss or damage transfers to the buyer as soon as the goods are handed over to the first carrier in Turkey.

CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) is an Incoterms 2020 multimodal rule where the seller pays for carriage to the named destination and MUST purchase comprehensive, all-risks cargo insurance under Institute Cargo Clauses (A) covering 110% of the invoice value.

An A.TR Movement Certificate is a customs document issued under the EU-Turkey Customs Union proving that industrial manufactured goods are in free circulation in Turkey or the EU. Valid A.TR certificates entitle shipments to enter European Union member states with 0% customs import duty.

A EUR.1 Movement Certificate is a preferential origin document used in international trade between Turkey and countries with which Turkey maintains Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). It proves that goods originate in Turkey under specific rules of origin, granting reduced or zero import tariffs.

A CMR Consignment Note is the standard international road transport document governed by the 1956 UN CMR Convention. It acts as conclusive proof of the contract of carriage, confirms cargo receipt by the haulier in good condition, and establishes carrier liability capped at 8.33 SDR per kilogram.

A Bill of Lading (B/L) is a legal document issued by an ocean carrier or freight forwarder acknowledging the receipt of cargo on board a vessel. It serves three functions: a receipt of goods, evidence of the contract of carriage, and a negotiable document of title representing ownership.

An Air Waybill (AWB) is a non-negotiable international air transport document issued by an airline or IATA freight forwarder. It acts as a receipt of goods, evidence of the contract of carriage, customs declaration document, and carrier liability contract capped under the Montreal Convention (22 SDR/kg).

A T1 Transit Declaration is an electronic customs document under the New Computerised Transit System (NCTS) and Common Transit Convention. It allows non-EU goods to move across European customs territories under bond without immediate payment of customs duties or import VAT until reaching the destination customs office.

A TIR Carnet is an international customs transit document issued under the UN TIR Convention (1975). It permits customs-sealed road vehicles and containers to traverse multiple non-EU international borders with mutual recognition of customs seals, zero intermediate physical inspections, and an international guarantee up to €100,000.

A Code XL Mega Trailer is a specialized 13.6-meter curtainside semi-trailer certified to European structural standard EN 12642-XL. Featuring a 3.00-meter clear internal height, 101.3 m³ volume, and reinforced bodywork capable of absorbing 40% of payload sideways force, it is the premier vehicle for Turkish exports.

A Reefer Container or Frigo Semi-Trailer is an insulated, thermally controlled transport unit equipped with an active refrigeration compressor. Capable of maintaining precise interior cargo temperatures from -25°C to +25°C, it is certified under the ATP Agreement and EU Good Distribution Practice (GDP).

CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) is an EU climate policy enacted under Regulation (EU) 2023/956 that levies a carbon price on imported carbon-intensive goods (steel, aluminium, cement, fertilizers, chemicals, hydrogen). Turkish exporters must calculate and report verified Well-to-Wheel transport emissions.

CBM (Cubic Meter) is the international standard unit of cargo volume calculated as Length × Width × Height in meters. In freight forwarding, it determines chargeable weight based on mode-specific volumetric ratios: Air (1:6000), Road (1:3000 / 333 kg/m³), and Sea (1:1000 W/M).

ADR is the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road. It classifies hazardous substances into 9 hazard classes, mandating certified UN packaging, orange hazard warning plates, certified vehicle equipment (EX/II, EX/III, FL, AT), and licensed drivers holding SRC-5 certifications.

Demurrage and Detention (D&D) are daily penalties charged by ocean shipping lines for exceeding container free time. Demurrage applies when a container sits inside the port terminal beyond free days; Detention applies when an empty container is held outside the terminal beyond permitted return limits.

Groupage (LTL — Less Than Truckload) is a freight consolidation method where multiple smaller shipments from different exporters are combined into a single shared semi-trailer. Shippers pay only for the volume (CBM) or pallet spaces their cargo occupies, reducing transport costs.

A Swap Body (Caisse Mobile) or Huckepack P400 semi-trailer is a craneable, multimodal freight container engineered to shift seamlessly between truck chassis, railway pocket wagons, and Ro-Ro vessels without cargo re-handling, slashing CO2 emissions by up to 75% and bypassing road border queues.

A Flexitank is a heavy-duty, multi-layered polymeric bladder that converts a standard 20-foot dry ISO ocean container into a bulk liquid transport unit holding 16,000 to 24,000 liters of non-hazardous liquid cargo, delivering 35% to 40% higher payload efficiency than traditional 200-liter drums.

A Customs Bonded Warehouse (known in Turkey as Antrepo) is a secure, customs-supervised storage facility where imported, exported, or transit goods are held without immediate payment of customs duties, VAT, or special consumption taxes until officially cleared for domestic release or re-exported.